What indicates that an individual has taken an oath or affirmation during a notarization?

The presence of the phrase "signed and sworn (or affirmed) to before me" on the notarial certificate signifies that the individual has taken an oath or affirmation during the notarization process. This specific language indicates that the signer has declared under penalty of perjury that the contents of the document are true, and it establishes a formal acknowledgment of the signature in the presence of the notary.

Using this phrase is crucial, as it reflects the notary's duty to ensure that the signer comprehends the seriousness of the oath or affirmation. It provides a legal framework for the transaction, underscoring the importance of honesty in the declarations made.

The other answers do not directly indicate that an oath or affirmation has been taken. While having a witness present may support the notarization process, it does not confirm the taking of an oath. A signature under a seal establishes authenticity but does not necessarily involve an oath or affirmation. The payment of a notary’s fee pertains to their service but does not imply any act of swearing or affirming.